Section 23. The legislature shall have the power to reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples. [Add HB 117 (1997) and election Nov 3, 1998]

The Hawai`i Marriage Amendment: Its Origins, Meaning and Fate. 22 UH L. Rev. 19.

The Future of Same-Sex Marriage. 22 UH L. Rev. 119.

The Fine Line Between Love and the Law: Hawai`i's Attempt to Resolve the Same-Sex Marriage Issue. 22 UH L. Rev. 149.

The Defense of Marriage Act: Sex and the Citizen. 24 UH L. Rev. 279.