Recess appointee to federal bench cannot exercise judicial power of United States. 726 F.2d 1328.

Not violated by magistrate-conducted voire dire in criminal case without defendant's consent. 760 F.2d 999.

Rule that jury selection by magistrate without defendant's consent violates Federal Magistrate Act did not apply retroactively to final conviction challenged on collateral review. 944 F.2d 523.

Defendant has constitutional right to have all stages of a criminal trial conducted by a person with jurisdiction to preside. 42 F.3d 473.

Congress need not make an Article 3 court available for adjudication of disputes arising out of events occurring within a United States territory. 550 F. Supp. 1227.